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In elucidating and validating the mechanisms of action of drugs, bioinformatics utilizes technologies such as NP, molecular docking and MD simulation to simulate interactions between drugs and targets, constructing drug-target networks, predicting drug action targets and pathways, and further analyzing mechanisms of action, providing theoretical support for drug development and clinical applications (Rajadnya et al., 2024)

Sperm concentration analysis of males at childbearing age in Lhasa

Model performance was evaluated using cross-validated area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC)

Acknowledgements The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, for their continuous scientific support throughout the course of this study