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~403 Da (copper complex) Form: Lyophilized powder Vial Size: 50mg in 3mL glass vial Purity: 99%+ verified by HPLC and mass spectrometry (See COAs) Research Background GHK-Cu has been investigated in research literature across several scientific contexts: Tissue biology research investigations into peptide-copper complex effects on cellular signaling pathways in tissue models Extracellular matrix research studies examining cellular responses involving collagen synthesis pathways and matrix protein regulation in cell culture systems Copper-binding peptide chemistry analytical chemistry research on GHKs selective copper binding properties and the cellular biology of copper homeostasis Cellular signaling pathway research investigations into GHK-Cus interactions with cellular receptor systems and downstream signaling cascades Gene expression research studies examining GHK-Cus effects on cellular gene expression patterns in research models Comparative peptide research analytical studies positioning GHK-Cu alongside other naturally occurring copper-binding peptides in cellular research contexts GHK-Cu is historically significant as one of the most extensively studied naturally occurring copper-binding peptides, originally identified by Pickart et al

PAL acts as the switch for the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway and plays an important role in resisting biotic and abiotic stressors [46, 47]

found that these two vectors were highly expressed in myocardial mitochondria and showed that inhibition of DIC and OGC increased mitochondrial ROS and GSH depletion, exacerbating ferroptosis in the myocardium [60]

however, larger studies are still needed to confirm these effects