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Another area of increasing interest is the signaling role of astrocytic lactate beyond its role as an energy substrate: emerging evidence demonstrates that lactate induces histone lysine lactylation (e.g., H3K18la), activating transcription factors like Klf4 to regulate genes associated with synaptic plasticity (e.g., Arc, CREB), thereby contributing to epigenetic remodeling during long-term memory formationa mechanism that underscores metabolic signaling as a target for cognitive enhancement (Yao et al., 2023)

When NNMT activity is high, cellular nicotinamide is diverted away from NAD+ salvage pathways, reducing the NAD+ pool available for mitochondrial respiration, sirtuin activation, and PARP-mediated DNA repair

This means it could play a role in defending the nervous system from potential damage or degeneration, which is particularly promising for conditions like Parkinsons disease or stroke recovery

If I always work out fasted, am I stopping autophagy when I take it