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Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent, lipid peroxidation-driven cell death pathway characterized by the accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) and disruptions in redox homeostasis, iron metabolism, and lipid regulation (Dixon and Olzmann, 2024)

"Engrams and circuits crucial for systems consolidation of a memory"

Calculation: 10mg / 4ml = 2.5mg/ml

Abbreviations AAA: Aromatic amino acids ACLF: Acute-on-chronic liver failure ALF: Acute liver failure ALT: Alanine aminotransferase AST: Aspartate aminotransferase AMPA: Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid AT2A: Alzheimer type 2 astrocytes BCAA: Branched-chain amino acids BDL: Bile duct ligation BBB: Blood-brain barrier BRTO: Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration BZD: Benzodiazepines CHESS: Clinical HE staging scale cGMP: Cyclic guanosine monophosphate CLD: Chronic liver disease CLF: Chronic liver failure cMyc: Cellular myelocytomatosis oncogene COX2: Cyclooxygenase-2 CXCL1: CXC motif chemokine ligand 1 ECs: Endothelial cells ETA: Etanercept EVs: Extracellular vesicles FMT: Fecal microbiota transplantation GABA: Gamma-aminobutyric acid GAD67: Glutamate decarboxylase 67 GAT1: GABA transporter 1 GD: Gut microbiota dysbiosis GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein GI: Gastrointestinal GM: Gut microbiota GMF: Glia maturation factor GS: Glutamine synthetase HE: Hepatic encephalopathy HRQoL: Health-related quality of life ICH: Intracranial hypertension ICP: Intracranial pressure IL: Interleukin IR: Interventional radiology ISHEN: International society for hepatic encephalopathy and nitrogen Metabolism JNK1/2: c-Jun N-terminal kinases 1/2 LOLA: L-ornithine-L-aspartate LT: Liver transplantation MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease mHE: Minimal hepatic encephalopathy MMP: Metalloproteinase MSC: Mesenchymal stem cells NAD: Non-absorbable disaccharides NH 3 : Ammonia NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartate NO: Nitric oxide OP: L-ornithine phenylacetate PB: Sodium phenylbutyrate PCA: Portacaval anastomosis PGE2: Prostaglandin-2 PROs: Patient-reported outcomes PVE: Portal vein embolization RCT: Randomized controlled trials SIBO: Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth SIRS: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome TAA: Thioacetamide TAD: Tadalafil TIPS: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha UC-MSC: Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell WHC: West haven criteria References Tong XY, Hussain H, Shamaladevi N, Norenberg MD, Fadel A, El Hiba O, et al