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Abbreviations 4-HNE: 4-Hydroxynonenal 8-isoPGF2: 8-Iso-prostaglandin F2 ABTS: 2,2-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) Ascorbic A.: Ascorbic acid BPE: Bovine pituitary extract CAT: Catalase CE: Capillary electrophoresis COX: Cyclooxygenase Cu/Zn-SOD: Superoxide dismutase DMEM: Dulbeccos modified eagle medium DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase FBS: Fetal bovine serum FRAP: Ferric reducing activity of plasma GC: Gas chromatography GSH: Glutathione GSH-Px: Glutathione peroxidase GSSG-R: Glutathione reductase hEGF: Human epidermal growth factor HPLC: High-performance liquid chromatography IL: Interleukin LC: Liquid chromatography LDL: Lipoprotein LOX: Lipoxygenase MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase MRM: Multiple reaction monitoring mode MS: Mass spectrometry MTT: Methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide NFB: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells NOX: NADPH oxidase Nrf2: Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 PBS: Phosphate-buffered saline ROS: Reactive oxygen species SIM: Selected ion monitoring mode SRB: Sulforhodamine B TEAC: Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity TGF: Transforming grown factor TPTZ: 2,4,6-Tripyridyl- S -triazine Trx: Thioredoxin TrxR: Thioredoxin reductase UPLC: Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography XO: Xanthine oxidase References Aebi H (1984) Catalase in vitro

The R-isomer is the naturally occurring, biologically active form

lymphoid tissues served as the principal target, but the involvement of lymphoid tissues in the tonsils, and mandibular nodes suggested these lymphoid tissues were infected early

The promoter sequence analyses revealed the occurrence of diverse cis-regulatory elements and presumed to interact with numerous transcription factors