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The skin may be sensitive or painful for some time after an injection, and repeatedly inserting a needle into the same area can cause more pain

In experimental models it modulates angiogenesis (upregulating VEGF/VEGFR2 and the nitric oxide pathway), reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling, supports fibroblast migration and collagen synthesis for connective-tissue repair, and influences gut-barrier integrity and neural pathways mechanisms that span musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, and neurological tissue in preclinical research

[1] A secondary and post-hoc analysis of the same trial also reported clinically relevant reductions in blood pressure

Interestingly, the benefit of vitamin B1 supplementation on cardiac function would especially rely on the reduction of oxidative stress [158,159,162] as well as the preservation of mitochondrial functions [157,163]