Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants Endogenous antioxidants fall into two major categories: Enzymatic Antioxidants: Protein-based molecules that catalyze specific reactions to neutralize free radicals Require cofactors (often minerals like selenium, copper, zinc, and manganese) Can be recycled and reused, allowing continued antioxidant activity Function within specific cellular compartments where they're most needed Regulated by gene expression and can be upregulated in response to oxidative stress Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants: Small molecules that directly interact with free radicals Include compounds like glutathione, uric acid, and coenzyme Q10 Often become oxidized themselves in the process of neutralizing free radicals May require vitamin cofactors or other nutrients for synthesis Distributed throughout various tissues and body fluids Both types work together in a coordinated network to provide comprehensive protection against oxidative damage
Theyre peptides studied for their ability to stimulate growth hormone release , support fat reduction , and improve sleep and cognition
Endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response in pancreatic islet inflammation
Mathan, University of Delhi, India Lin Dong Xu, Shenzhen University, China Updates Copyright 2026 Ma, Chen, Mai, Lai, Alimujiang and Lu
