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L., & Magrina, J

It controls circadian rhythms, body temperature, reproduction, immune and cardiovascular systems, energy, and bone metabolism

S1P is a bioactive sphingolipid molecule that regulates various cellular functions, including cell survival, differentiation, migration, proliferation, and immune responses, through its binding to five G protein-coupled receptors (S1PR1 to S1PR5) [69]

Further, in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, NMN was found to reduce the levels of amyloid precursor protein (APP), reverse the oxygen consumption deficit in brain mitochondria, and reduce mitochondrial fragmentation in neurons, thereby improving the mitochondrial respiratory defect [40]