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Moreover, ferroptosis can propagate through intercellular mechanisms involving the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), dysregulation of immune checkpoints, and exosome-mediated signaling, collectively driving microglial activation, T-cell infiltration, and bloodbrain barrier disruption, culminating in systemic immune imbalance

Next, the differential abundance analysis was repeated for the entire cohort of PD patients, i.e., comparing 549 patients against 590 controls, using the same statistical approach but including the abundance measurements for the L-DOPA metabolite 3-O-Methyldopa (3-OMD, 3-methoxytyrosine) as an additional covariate to adjust for dopaminergic treatment effects (L-DOPA itself was not covered among the measured metabolites, see section on Study limitations)

10.3390/ijms23094941 147 SchulmanI

Sifers, Brashears-Macatee, Kidd, Muensch, & Woo, 1988