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Trends Cancer 10 , 11471160 (2024)

[0288] In some embodiments, the compositions described herein comprise between about 0.01 % and 99 % cofactor or precursor thereof (e.g., niacinamide) by weight of the composition

The peptide starts intact but faces multiple obstacles: stomach acid acts like corrosive rain, digestive enzymes work like strong winds trying to tear it apart, and the intestinal barrier functions as a selective filter

The pathogenesis involves multiple interconnected mechanisms, including genetic mutations, protein misfolding and aggregation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic neuroinflammation (Zhao et al., 2020