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Moreover, decreased TMAO urine excretion is associated with high salt dietary intake, increasing plasma TMAO concentration [82]

Finally, results of the fecal polymicrobial culture studies indicate that the marked increased generation of TMA (and TMAO) from oral l-carnitine in omnivores versus vegans/vegetarians appears to be due to significantly (up to 10-fold) greater gut microbial conversion of BB to TMA in omnivores relative to vegans/vegetarians (i.e., chronic exposure to l-carnitine in an omnivorous diet is associated with an increase in microbial capacity to catalyze the transformation of BB to TMA

Microneedling: Creates controlled micro-injuries that may encourage visible skin renewal

Project administration: J.K.B., Y.K.C., and K.G.P