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This subsequently elevates ADH and ALDH activities and alcohol metabolism, restores intestinal epithelial barrier function, and thereby alleviates liver injury, hepatic steatosis, and inflammation[251]

These findings highlight the potential of metabolic interventions to restore immune homeostasis through Treg modulation

Cells have evolved a number of highly efficient redox systems that counteract uncontrolled lipid peroxidation, such as selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase-4 (GPX4), the FSP1-ubiquinone pathway, and the biopterin-dihydrofolate reductase system 4,8,9,10,11,12

36 In summary, the trajectory of orally administered single-stimulus responsive materials physical sterilization-enhancing materials multimodal theranostic platforms constitutes a rational, stepwise translational roadmap for the field of nanomaterial-mediated H